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U.Due south. law

Racketeer Influenced and Decadent Organizations Human action
Great Seal of the United States
Long title An Human action relating to the control of organized crime in the United States
Acronyms (colloquial)
  • OCCA
  • RICO
Nicknames Organized Crime Control Act of 1970
Enacted by the 91st Usa Congress
Effective October fifteen, 1970
Citations
Public law 91-452
Statutes at Large 84 Stat. 922-3 aka 84 Stat. 941
Codification
Titles amended 18 U.Due south.C.: Crimes and Criminal Procedure
United states of americaC. sections created 18 U.Southward.C. §§ 1961–1968
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the Senate as S. 30 by John L. McClellan (D–AR)
  • Passed the Senate on January 23, 1970 (74-1)
  • Passed the Firm on October seven, 1970 (341-26)
  • Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October xv, 1970
Us Supreme Court cases
  • H.J. Inc. five. Northwestern Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.South. 229 (1989)
  • Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U.Southward. 455 (1990)
  • Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. 5. King, 533 U.S. 158 (2001)
  • Scheidler five. National System for Women, 537 U.Due south. 393 (2003)
  • Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451 (2006)
  • Mohawk Industries, Inc. v. Williams, 547 U.S. 516 (2006)
  • Boyle v. Usa, 556 U.S. 938 (2009)

The Racketeer Influenced and Decadent Organizations (RICO) Human activity is a The states federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of activity for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organisation.

RICO was enacted by section 901(a) of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (Pub.L. 91–452, 84 Stat. 922, enacted October 15, 1970) and is codified at 18 U.S.C. ch. 96 equally eighteen United statesC. §§ 1961–1968. G. Robert Blakey, an adviser to the United States Senate Government Operations Committee, drafted the law under the shut supervision of the committee'south chairman, Senator John Fiddling McClellan. Information technology was enacted as Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Human action of 1970, and signed into police by Us President Richard 1000. Nixon. While its original use in the 1970s was to prosecute the Mafia too every bit others who were actively engaged in organized crime, its afterwards application has been more widespread.

Beginning in 1972, thirty-iii states adopted state RICO laws to be able to prosecute similar conduct.

Summary [edit]

Nether RICO, a person who has committed "at least two acts of racketeering action" drawn from a list of 35 crimes—27 federal crimes and viii state crimes—within a x-year period can be charged with racketeering if such acts are related in one of four specified ways to an "enterprise."[i] Those constitute guilty of racketeering can be fined upwardly to $25,000 and sentenced to xx years in prison per racketeering count.[ii] In addition, the racketeer must forfeit all sick-gotten gains and interest in whatsoever business gained through a pattern of "racketeering action."[ citation needed ] [iii]

When the U.s.a. Attorney decides to indict someone under RICO, they have the pick of seeking a pre-trial restraining society or injunction to temporarily seize a accused's assets and prevent the transfer of potentially forfeitable holding, as well every bit crave the accused to put up a functioning bond. This provision was placed in the law considering the owners of Mafia-related trounce corporations oftentimes absconded with the avails. An injunction or performance bond ensures that in that location is something to seize in the result of a guilty verdict.

In many cases, the threat of a RICO indictment can forcefulness defendants to plead guilty to lesser charges, in part considering the seizure of assets would make it difficult to pay a defense attorney. Despite its harsh provisions, a RICO-related charge is considered easy to bear witness in court since it focuses on patterns of behavior equally opposed to criminal acts.[4]

RICO also permits a private individual "damaged in his business concern or holding" by a "racketeer" to file a civil suit. The plaintiff must evidence the existence of an "enterprise." The accused(s) are not the enterprise; in other words, the defendant(southward) and the enterprise are not i and the same.[5] At that place must exist ane of four specified relationships between the defendant(s) and the enterprise: either the defendant(s) invested the proceeds of the pattern of racketeering action into the enterprise (18 U.s.C. § 1962(a)); or the defendant(s) acquired or maintained an involvement in, or control of, the enterprise through the pattern of racketeering activeness (subsection (b)); or the defendant(s) conducted or participated in the affairs of the enterprise "through" the design of racketeering activity (subsection (c)); or the defendant(due south) conspired to do ane of the above (subsection (d)).[6] In essence, the enterprise is either the 'prize,' 'musical instrument,' 'victim,' or 'perpetrator' of the racketeers.[7] A ceremonious RICO action can be filed in country or federal court.[8]

Both the criminal and ceremonious components allow the recovery of treble damages (damages in triple the amount of bodily/compensatory damages).

Although its main intent was to deal with organized crime, Blakey said that Congress never intended it merely to apply to the Mob. He one time told Time, "We don't want one set of rules for people whose collars are blueish or whose names end in vowels, and another set for those whose collars are white and take Ivy League diplomas."[four]

The beginning e'er RICO trial was conducted in May 1979 in United States 5. Sam Bailey Gang, by prosecutor Mark L. Webb in San Francisco, California, Northern Commune of California. The case was tried successfully by apply of the RICO statute in alleging that a gang of postal burglars and a Nevada fence collaborated criminally in organized offense fashion. The case did not involve a Mafia law-breaking family. Afterwards, the RICO Act was start used by the US Attorney'due south Office in the Southern Commune of New York on September eighteen, 1979, in the United States v. Scotto. Scotto, who was convicted on charges of racketeering, accepting unlawful labor payments, and income tax evasion, headed the International Longshoreman's Association. During the 1980s and 1990s, federal prosecutors used the law to bring charges against several Mafia figures. The second major success was the Mafia Committee Trial, which ran from February 25, 1985, through Nov 19, 1986. Rudy Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's and then-called "5 Families," nether the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called the "Case of Cases" peradventure "the almost significant set on on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943" and quoted Giuliani'south stated intention: "Our approach is to wipe out the 5 families."[9] Gambino criminal offense family boss Paul Castellano evaded confidence when he and his underboss, Thomas Bilotti, were murdered on the streets of Midtown Manhattan on December 16, 1985. However, three heads of the Five Families were sentenced to 100 years in prison on January 13, 1987.[10] [11] Genovese and Colombo leaders, Tony Salerno and Carmine Persico received boosted sentences in split up trials, with seventy-year and 39-yr sentences to run consecutively. He was assisted by three Assistant United States Attorneys: Michael Chertoff, the eventual 2d The states Secretary of Homeland Security and co-author of the Patriot Human action; John Savarese, later a partner at Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz; and Gil Childers, a later deputy main of the criminal sectionalisation for the Southern District of New York and later managing director in the legal department at Goldman Sachs.

State laws [edit]

Commencement in 1972, thirty-iii states, every bit well as Puerto Rico and the United states Virgin Islands, adopted state RICO laws to encompass additional land offenses under a similar scheme.[12]

RICO predicate offenses [edit]

Under the law, the meaning of racketeering activity is set out at 18 UsaC. § 1961. As currently amended it includes:

  • Whatsoever violation of country statutes against gambling, murder, kidnapping, extortion, arson, robbery, bribery, dealing in obscene thing, or dealing in a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in the Controlled Substances Act);
  • Whatsoever human activity of blackmail, counterfeiting, theft, embezzlement, fraud, dealing in obscene matter, obstruction of justice, slavery, racketeering, gambling, money laundering, commission of murder-for-hire, and many other offenses covered under the Federal criminal code (Title 18);
  • Embezzlement of matrimony funds;
  • Bankruptcy fraud or securities fraud;
  • Drug trafficking; long-term and elaborate drug networks can too exist prosecuted using the Standing Criminal Enterprise Statute;
  • Criminal copyright infringement;
  • Money laundering and related offenses;
  • Bringing in, aiding or assisting aliens in illegally entering the country (if the activeness was for financial proceeds);
  • Acts of terrorism.

Pattern of racketeering action requires at least two acts of racketeering activity, one of which occurred later on the effective engagement of this chapter and the concluding of which occurred within x years (excluding any period of imprisonment) after the committee of a prior act of racketeering activeness. The US Supreme Court has instructed federal courts to follow the continuity-plus-relationship examination in society to determine whether the facts of a specific case give rise to an established pattern. The illegal acts comprising a design are chosen "predicate" offenses.[13] Predicate acts are related if they "have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission, or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated events."[14] Continuity is both a airtight and open concluded concept, referring to either a closed period of bear, or to by acquit that by its nature projects into the future with a threat of repetition.

Awarding of RICO laws [edit]

Although some of the RICO predicate acts are extortion and blackmail, i of the about successful applications of the RICO laws has been the ability to indict and or sanction individuals for their behavior and actions committed against witnesses and victims in alleged retaliation or retribution for cooperating with federal law enforcement or intelligence agencies.

Violations of the RICO laws can exist alleged in civil lawsuit cases or for criminal charges. In these instances, charges can be brought against individuals or corporations in retaliation for said individuals or corporations working with law enforcement. Further, charges can also exist brought against individuals or corporations who have sued or filed criminal charges against a defendant.

Anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuit against public participation) laws tin can be applied in an attempt to curb alleged abuses of the legal system by individuals or corporations who use the courts every bit a weapon to retaliate against whistle blowers or victims or to silence another'south spoken language. RICO could be alleged if it tin exist shown that lawyers or their clients conspired and collaborated to contrive fictitious legal complaints solely in retribution and retaliation for themselves having been brought before the courts.[ citation needed ]

Although the RICO laws may cover drug trafficking crimes in addition to other more traditional RICO predicate acts such as extortion, blackmail, and racketeering, large-scale and organized drug networks are now commonly prosecuted under the Standing Criminal Enterprise Statute, too known as the "Kingpin Statute". The CCE laws target only traffickers who are responsible for long-term and elaborate conspiracies, whereas the RICO law covers a variety of organized criminal behaviors.[15]

Civil provisions [edit]

The RICO statute contains a provision that allows for the first of a civil action past a private party to recover damages sustained every bit a issue of the commission of a RICO predicate offense.[16] [17]

Famous cases [edit]

The Cowboy Mafia [edit]

RICO was instrumental in indicting members of this group from Texas, Tennessee and Florida during 1977 and 1978, this group imported over 106 tons of marijuana. Using the shrimp boats Agnes Pauline, Monkey, Jubilee, and Bayou Blues, the group fabricated six trips from Republic of colombia to Texas. The group was arrested in 1978 later on the federal government seized the Agnes Pauline when they were unloading their cargo in Port Arthur, Texas. In 1979, 26 members of the smuggling ring were bedevilled. Charles "Muscles" Foster, a ranch foreman and the head of the operation, pleaded innocent by reason of insanity and was acquitted in 1980. In August 1981, King Cauble was indicted by a grand jury, equally the authorities believed he was the fiscal backer of the smugglers. Foster was the foreman for his ranches and the drugs were transported to Cauble'south ranches throughout Texas. Cauble was a multi-millionaire, the former chairman of the Texas Helmsmanship Commission and an honorary Texas Ranger. He was too the owner of Cutter Neb, a famous cut horse.[5] Cauble was bedevilled in Jan 1982 on ten counts including: two counts of violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Human activity statute (RICO), conspiracy to violate RICO, three violations of the Interstate Commerce Travel Act, and four counts of misapplication of banking concern funds. He was sentenced to ten concurrent terms of five-years. He completed his prison house term and was released in September 1987. Cauble died in 2003. Iii books were published, Rex Cauble's personal jet airplane pilot Roy Graham released a volume The Cowboy Mafia [18] in 2003, Catching the Katy [nineteen] past Barker Milford 2017 and A Conspiracy Revealed[20] by DEA agent Daniel Wedeman Sr.

As a result of the RICO conviction, Cauble forfeited his 31% involvement in Cauble Enterprises and one of the largest forfeiture of holdings. This included interests in: two Cutter Bill Western World stores, iii Texas banks (Western State Banking company in Denton, Dallas International Banking concern and South Main Bank of Houston), six ranches, a welding supply company, and oil and gas holdings. The visitor'southward worth was estimated at $fourscore million. However, the government sold their involvement back to the other partners (Cauble's wife and son) for an estimated $12 1000000.[ commendation needed ]

Hells Angels Motorcycle Club [edit]

In 1979, the Usa Federal Authorities went after Sonny Barger and several members and associates of the Oakland affiliate of the Hells Angels using RICO. In United States vs. Barger, the prosecution team attempted to demonstrate a pattern of behavior to convict Barger and other members of the club of RICO offenses related to guns and illegal drugs. The jury acquitted Barger on the RICO charges with a hung jury on the predicate acts: "In that location was no proof it was part of gild policy, and as much as they tried, the government could not come up up with whatsoever incriminating minutes from any of our meetings mentioning drugs and guns."[21] [22]

Latin Kings [edit]

Several members of the Latin Kings have been bedevilled of RICO offenses.[23]

Gil Dozier [edit]

Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry Gil Dozier, in office from 1976 to 1980, faced indictment with violations of both the Hobbs and the RICO laws. He was defendant of compelling companies doing business organisation with his department to make campaign contributions on his behalf. On September 23, 1980, the Baton Rouge-based United States District Court for the Centre District of Louisiana convicted Dozier of five counts of extortion and racketeering. The sentence of ten years imprisonment, later upgraded to eighteen when other offenses were determined, and a $25,000 fine was suspended pending appeal, and Dozier remained free on bail.[24] He eventually served nearly four years until a presidential commutation freed him in 1986.[25]

Key West, Florida Police Department [edit]

Effectually June 1984, the Key West Law Department located in Monroe County, Florida, was declared a criminal enterprise under the federal RICO statutes afterward a lengthy U.s. Department of Justice investigation. Several high-ranking officers of the department, including Deputy Law Chief Raymond Cassamayor, were arrested on federal charges of running a protection racket for illegal cocaine smugglers.[26] At trial, a witness testified he routinely delivered numberless of cocaine to the Deputy Master's office at City Hall.[27]

Michael Milken [edit]

On 29 March 1989 American financier Michael Milken was indicted on 98 counts of racketeering and fraud relating to an investigation into an allegation of insider trading and other offenses. Milken was accused of using a wide-ranging network of contacts to dispense stock and bond prices. It was one of the first occasions that a RICO indictment was brought confronting an individual with no ties to organized crime. Milken pleaded guilty to six lesser felonies of securities fraud and tax evasion rather than take chances spending the rest of his life in prison and concluded upward serving 22 months in prison. Milken was also ordered banned for life from the securities industry.[28]

On September 7, 1988, Milken's employer, Drexel Burnham Lambert, was threatened with RICO charges respondeat superior, the legal doctrine that corporations are responsible for their employees' crimes. Drexel avoided RICO charges past entering an Alford plea to lesser felonies of stock parking and stock manipulation. In a advisedly worded plea, Drexel said information technology was "not in a position to dispute the allegations" made by the Government. If Drexel had been indicted under RICO statutes, it would have had to post a performance bond of upwardly to $1 billion to avoid having its assets frozen. This would have taken precedence over all of the firm's other obligations—including the loans that provided 96 pct of its capital base. If the bond ever had to be paid, its shareholders would have been practically wiped out. Since banks will non extend credit to a business firm indicted under RICO, an indictment would have likely put Drexel out of business.[29] By at least one estimate, a RICO indictment would have destroyed the house within a month.[thirty] Years subsequently, Drexel president and CEO Fred Joseph said that Drexel had no choice only to plead guilty because "a financial institution cannot survive a RICO indictment."[31]

Major League Baseball [edit]

In 2001, Major League Baseball team owners voted to eliminate two teams, presumably the Minnesota Twins and Montreal Expos. In 2002, the one-time minority owners of the Expos filed charges nether the RICO Act against MLB commissioner Bud Selig and former Expos owner Jeffrey Loria, claiming that Selig and Loria deliberately conspired to devalue the team for personal benefit in preparation for a movement.[32] If establish liable, Major League Baseball game could have been responsible for up to $300 million in punitive damages. The case lasted 2 years, successfully stalling the Expos' move to Washington or contraction during that time. It was eventually sent to arbitration, where the arbiters ruled in favor of Major League Baseball,[33] permitting the move to Washington to take place.

Los Angeles Police Department [edit]

In April 2000, federal approximate William J. Rea in Los Angeles, ruling in one Rampart scandal case, said that the plaintiffs could pursue RICO claims against the LAPD, an unprecedented finding. In July 2001, U.s. District Guess Gary A. Feess said that the plaintiffs did non have continuing to sue the LAPD nether RICO, because they were alleging personal injuries rather than economical or property damage.[34]

Mohawk Industries [edit]

On April 26, 2006, the Supreme Courtroom heard Mohawk Industries, Inc. v. Williams, No. 05-465, 547 U.Due south. 516 (2006), which concerned what sort of corporations fell under the scope of RICO. Mohawk Industries had allegedly hired illegal aliens, in violation of RICO. The court was asked to make up one's mind whether Mohawk Industries, forth with recruiting agencies, constituted an "enterprise" that could be prosecuted under RICO. Nevertheless, in June of that year, the court dismissed the case and remanded it to the US Court of Appeals.[35]

Gambino crime family [edit]

John Gotti and Frank Locascio were convicted on April two, 1992 under the RICO Act and later sentenced to life in prison.[36]

In Tampa, on Oct 16, 2006, four members of the Gambino crime family (Capo Ronald Trucchio, Terry Scaglione, Steven Catallono, and Anthony Mucciarone and associate Kevin McMahon) were tried under RICO statutes, plant guilty, and sentenced to life in prison.

Lucchese criminal offence family [edit]

In the mid-1990s, prosecuting attorneys Gregory O'Connell and Charles Rose used RICO charges to bring downwardly the Lucchese family within an 18-calendar month period. Dismantling the Lucchese family unit had a profound financial impact on previously Mafia held businesses such every bit structure, garment, and garbage hauling. Hither they dominated and extorted coin through taxes, dues, and fees. An example of this extortion was through the garbage concern. Hauling of garbage from the World Trade Center cost the building owners $1.2 million per year to be removed when the Mafia monopolized the business organisation, as compared to $150,000 per year when competitive bids could exist sought.[37]

Bonanno crime family [edit]

Bonanno crime family boss Joseph Massino'due south trial began on May 24, 2004, with judge Nicholas Garaufis presiding and Greg D. Andres and Robert Henoch heading the prosecution.[38] He now faced 11 RICO counts for 7 murders (due to the prospect of prosecutors seeking the death penalty for the Sciascia murder, that case was severed to be tried separately), arson, extortion, loansharking, illegal gambling, and money laundering.[39] After deliberating for five days, the jury found Massino guilty of all 11 counts on July 30, 2004. His sentencing was initially scheduled for October 12, and he was expected to receive a judgement of life imprisonment with no possibility of parole.[40] The jury too approved the prosecutors' recommended $10 million forfeiture of the proceeds of his reign as Bonanno boss on the day of the verdict.[41]

Immediately after his July thirty confidence, as court was adjourned, Massino requested a meeting with Judge Garaufis, where he made his start offer to cooperate.[42] He did so in hopes of sparing his life; he was facing the death sentence if found guilty of Sciascia's murder. Indeed, i of John Ashcroft's final acts as Attorney Full general was to social club federal prosecutors to seek the death penalty for Massino.[43] Massino thus stood to exist the first Mafia boss to be executed for his crimes, and the beginning mob boss to face the decease penalty since Lepke Buchalter was executed in 1944.[44] Massino was the first sitting boss of a New York crime family to turn state's evidence, and the second in the history of the American Mafia to do and then[45] (Philadelphia crime family dominate Ralph Natale had flipped in 1999 when facing drug charges).[46]

Chicago Outfit [edit]

In 2005, the U.s. Section of Justice'southward Performance Family unit Secrets indicted 14 Chicago Outfit (also known every bit the Outfit, the Chicago Mafia, the Chicago Mob, or the Organization) members and assembly under RICO predicates.[47] 5 defendants were convicted of RICO violations and other crimes. Half dozen pleaded guilty, two died before trial and one was too sick to be tried.[48]

Michael Conahan and Mark Ciavarella [edit]

A federal grand jury in the Heart District of Pennsylvania handed down a 48-count indictment against onetime Luzerne Canton Court of Mutual Pleas Judges Michael Conahan and Mark Ciavarella.[49] The judges were charged with RICO after allegedly committing acts of mail and wire fraud, tax evasion, money laundering, and honest services fraud. The judges were accused of taking kickbacks for housing juveniles, that the judges convicted of mostly petty crimes, at a private detention center. The incident was dubbed by many local and national newspapers equally the "Kids for greenbacks scandal".[50] On February eighteen, 2011, a federal jury plant Marking Ciavarella guilty of racketeering because of his involvement in accepting illegal payments from Robert Mericle, the developer of PA Child Care, and Attorney Robert Powell, a co-owner of the facility. Ciavarella is facing 38 other counts in federal court.[51]

Scott Westward. Rothstein [edit]

Scott W. Rothstein is a disbarred lawyer and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and master executive officeholder of the at present-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler police house. He was accused of funding his philanthropy, political contributions, police force firm salaries, and an extravagant lifestyle with a massive 1.2 billion dollar Ponzi scheme. On December one, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to federal authorities and was later arrested on charges related to RICO.[52] Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein cooperated with the government and reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Bond was denied by Us Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his power to forge documents, he was considered a flying risk.[53] On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison house sentence afterward a hearing in federal courtroom in Fort Lauderdale.[54]

AccessHealthSource [edit]

Eleven defendants were indicted on RICO charges for allegedly assisting AccessHealthSource, a local health intendance provider, in obtaining and maintaining lucrative contracts with local and state regime entities in the city of El Paso, Texas, "through bribery of and kickbacks to elected officials or himself and others, extortion under colour of authorisation, fraudulent schemes and artifices, false pretenses, promises and representations and deprivation of the right of citizens to the honest services of their elected local officials" (run into indictment).[55]

FIFA [edit]

Fourteen defendants affiliated with FIFA were indicted under the RICO act on 47 counts for "racketeering, wire fraud and coin laundering conspiracies, amidst other offenses, in connection with the defendants' participation in a 24-year scheme to enrich themselves through the abuse of international soccer." The defendants include many current and quondam loftier-ranking officers of FIFA and its affiliate CONCACAF. The defendants had allegedly used the enterprise equally a front to collect millions of dollars in bribes, which may take influenced Russian federation and Qatar's winning bids to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups, respectively.[56]

Drummond Company [edit]

In 2015, the Drummond Company sued attorneys Terrence P. Collingsworth and William R. Scherer, the advocacy group International Rights Advocates (IRAdvocates), and Dutch man of affairs Albert van Bilderbeek, ane of the owners of Llanos Oil, accusing them of violating RICO by alleging that Drummond had worked alongside Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia to murder labor union leaders inside proximity of their Colombian coal mines, which Drummond denies.[57]

Connecticut Senator Len Fasano [edit]

In 2005, a federal jury ordered Fasano to pay $500,000 nether RICO for illegally helping a client hide their avails in a bankruptcy example.[58]

Lechter five. Aprio [edit]

In the Northward Georgia example Lechter v. Aprio,[59] an Atlanta, Georgia accounting firm named Aprio, LLP[60] was sued past clients for involving them in a taxation abstention scheme[61] using conservation easements.[62] In the complaint,[63] David Deary, an attorney for the plaintiff, stated, "This is the verbal kind of conduct that the civil RICO statute was designed to remedy, where you accept a bunch of professional person directorate that put together a scheme in secret manipulating a bunch of technical rules that laymen don't empathise to deprive people of their money."[64] Specifically, the claim cites violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Decadent Organizations Deed ("RICO"), 18 UsC. §§1961–1968, violations of the Georgia RICO statute, O.C.G.A. § 16-4-1, et seq.[65]

The case is being followed for its implications regarding the utilise of conservation easements equally tax shelters.[66] An article in Bloomberg Tax states: "A grade-action claiming that the promoters of syndicated conservation easements knew from the first that their deals violated tax laws is a new legal avenue for aggrieved investors as the Internal Revenue Service and the Justice Department grind through their ain crackdowns."[67]

See also [edit]

  • Continuing Criminal Enterprise
  • Criminal Tribes Act
  • Patriot Act

References [edit]

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  5. ^ Olsen, William P. The Anti-Abuse Handbook: How to Protect Your Concern in the Global Marketplace. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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  19. ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/1480975958 Catching the Katy
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Further reading [edit]

  • Criminal RICO: xviii UsC. 1961–1968: A Manual for Federal Prosecutors. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Criminal Division, Organized Offense and Racketeering Section, [2009].
  • U.s.a.. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee No. 5. Organized Offense Control. Hearings ... Ninety-first Congress, Second Session on S.30, and Related Proposals, Relating to the Control of Organized Crime in the U.S. [held] May 20, 21, 27; June ten, 11, 17; July 23, and August 5, 1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Press Part, 1970.

External links [edit]

  • Deadlnk RICO Human activity from Cornell University's U. S. Lawmaking database

tayloraland1957.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act

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